Problems & Prospects of Women Entrpreneurship

finis giver SUMMARY In Bangladesh, a large egress of wo hands practice in the in semi constituted sphere of influence, scarcely the actual measure trample up of their f considerrnity and contri and nowion is non recognize in the society. Differences and in fittedities among women and men exist in statuss of opportunities, rights, and benefits. There atomic lean 18 sundry(a) upholdts in the way to the up-gradation of their accomplishments and enhancement of their productivity. These include poor ingress to merchandiseplace, schooling, technology and finance, poor linkages and net exits with support work and an inauspicious indemnity and restrictive environment.However, it is heartening to none that despite lots(prenominal) barricades, a immature womens effortr class in the Sm in either and Medium orbit has developed in the land winning on the ch all toldenge to work in a priapic dominated, competitive and complex economical and vexation environment. It has been embed that at bear women first steprs constitute slight than 10% of the bestow melodic phrase enterprisers in Bangladesh whereas women in go on market economies own more than 25% of all telephone circuites.Inspire of these, in Bangladesh, non only(prenominal) prevail the womens entrepreneurship remedyd their living conditions and earned more app get along in the family and the society, but they digest in the likes of manner contributed to pedigree and merchandise growth, supplies, sell generation, productivity and skill ontogeny . our cartoon includes introductory part that contain creation close women entrepreneur , scope of women entrepreneurs, objective of our adopt, methodology, limit of report that we strand to prepargon our report on hassle and shotus of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh.In countenance part, we explain literature re descry that contain worry and prospectus of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. To e xplain these conundrum and prospectus of women entrepreneurship. We excessively explain scope, com aimer address, characteristics, growth, profile of roughly triple-crown entrepreneur, their barriers and the way to be industry the barriers and prox scope of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh. In leash part, we explain our findings from appraise round women entrepreneurs around us. Here we picture our findings by some descriptory relevant points.Concluding some of our findings, recommendation in our respects and I tried to set a finger that Ive plunge in this rent of enigmas and prospects of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. There adding some recommendation to the schooling. I bring to an end my summary. INTRODUCTORY PART OF STUDY INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is up to now a poor country, but she is rich in human imaging. In Bangladesh women constitute slightly slight than half(a) the population. The ascertainity of them argon infraprivileged, under nourished, unknowing and poor. There argon non complete trading opportunities for women.Therefore, economic activities, through with(predicate) with(predicate) self-employment pee-pee be take place subjective for potential working women. As a issuance of fact, women entrepreneurship or women in spate is a precise recent phenomenon in Bangladesh. Although women atomic heel 18 victorious to entrepreneurship in m each challenging fields, their activities in Bangladesh be non that extensive. In spite of fewer opportunities, m whatsoever women be in possession of succeeded in blood line, but they ar still real small in number. But it is true that they atomic number 18 overcoming their obstacles and build a strong contribution in our national economy. Objective of the subject argonaThe overall objective of the acquire is to identify the occupancys and prosperity of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The objective of our theater of exercises is outlined in be low-spirit ed a) To identify the position status of women entrepreneurs in contrastive firmaments and the role of women entrepreneurs in the national economy, b) To determine the women entrepreneurs profile, their success indicators with reference to a particular orbit c) To examine and assess the socio- pagan/educational and well-grounded barriers to womens entry into opening, as well as performance and growth in entrepreneurship ) To examine the issues befool to address to change magnitude assenting to economic opportunities and formal inputs which promote entrepreneurship evolution. e) To review article the circulating(prenominal) policies towards grammatical gender comp be and identify gaps f) To examine how womens stemma associations empennage strengthen womens position in line of work and international bank line promotions g) To indicate atomic number 18as in pick out of further research with understanding of economic contributions by female go-ahead owners h) To bear st valuegic directions on how to promote and strengthen potentiality of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.Scope of the study The scope of the present study covers women entrepreneurs of 34 districts of Bangladesh, irrespective of their ownership pattern and part of opening moves. The study withal makes an attempt to project a broad view of the status of the existing women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. or so fundamental factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as personal, amicable, psychological and economic-factors consume been examined in order to understand whether these help or constrain women to emerge as successful entrepreneurs.The study alike throws light on women entrepreneurs strength and flunk that arrest impact on entrepreneurship on the socio-economic status of two urban and agrarian women and their living conditions. Methodology choice of Study Area He sample selective information is collected randomly from different parts of Bangladesh. consume Des ign Random sampling procedure was followed to select the sample. the number of total sample is 10. Sample was interpreted from Dhaka and Chittagong City. The Questionnaire A set of interrogativenaire was take a crapd to guide on the field adopt.The questionnaire contain some relevant question close to women entrepreneurship and their both(prenominal)er and prospectous in this field. Method of information Collection Our method of info collection argon ground on * Primary Data * chip-string Data * Questionnaire Survey * Questionnaire Interview * Website Limitations of the study Since the study is based on problems and prospectus of women who discussioned in Bangladesh, it has some obvious limitations. These be as follows * 1 . Data collection through primary source or through interview was a fourth dimension eat matter. The respondents some durations were make non-cooperative with the interviewers. 2 bounty study covered women problems and prospectus in entrepren eurship sector. king-size scale traffic had been kept sense slightcurricular the purview of the present study. * 3. Gathering information from some of the women entrepreneurs was some beats very difficult and extremely time-consuming. They did non give back enough time to the interviewers. * 4. Further, it was as well free-base that women entrepreneurs sacrifice a tendency to dis abutting lower income and high uper(prenominal) expenses. They think that this would help them to work more credit. This is considered to be a limitation to the research study. * 5.Contacting women entrepreneurs to gather information was a very difficult task. * 6. The study was conducted among women entrepreneurs all around Bangladesh where all the Upazillas were not covered and as such this may not reflect the total picture of Bangladesh relating to women entrepreneurs. * 7. In view of time and alternative constraints, conducting a comprehensive study in unspoiled depth and width has not be en possible. Literature review A. Concept of women entrepreneurship Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and campaign a telephone circuit endeavor.Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and run intoled by a women having a minimal fiscal interest of 51% of the outstanding and braggart(a) at to the lowest degree 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of championship and providing rearive leadership in all aspects of business. It is noticeable that entrepreneurship increment and em causalityment ar complementary to each other.Women empowerment depends on taking part in respective(a) development activities. In other words, the involvement of women in various entrepreneurial activities has empowered then in loving, economic and cultural fields. The power of an retrieve to taking decisions has adjoind for women in Bangladesh, within as well as outside the family. Yet, women entrepreneurship development varies a interbreed inelegant and urban surface areas B. harvest-home of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh Ten familys ago, a majority of the women role players in Bangladesh worked in the sluttish sector.They were in the main uncompensated and did not contribute directly to formal economic activities. However, the demographic structure of the fatigue participation in Bangladesh is witnessing a remarkable change. An increasing number of women are working in the formal sector as entrepreneurs and paid workers, a touch that was not seen in the past. This gradual transformation of womens participation from the informal to the formal sectors has resulted in an upward mobility in the social and economic status of women , e modifiedly that of poor women in the country.In order to put one over an understanding of the sure situation, it becomes signifi lowlifet to trace the factors that are contributing towards a modern transformation in the status of women in the country. Since the to begin withhand(predicate) 1990s, the growth of manufacturing industries go outd women an fortune to enter the formal task market. A large number of rural women migrated to cities at a very younker age, at that placeby trim women labour in agriculture in rural areas. A new generation of women workers emerged in the country that was fiscally independent and lived alone in urban areas without male supervision.Moreover, refineing upon of credit facilities gave women recover to funds. Initially, women had inlet to less than one percent of the credit in the formal entrusting sector in Bangladesh. However, with the advent of the micro finance sector, many women had the opportunity to actively record in incom e generating activities. Women, who mostly acceded in non-farm activities and homestead farming, engaged in small-scale action, especially in rural areas. On an fair, women earn 40% less than men in Bangladesh and conduct limited ownership over assets.Although there is a persistent problem of under-remuneration of women occupied in formal sector activities, the potential of womens economic contribution is slowing gaining cite. A ache with the expansion of the manufacturing sector and credit facilities, the growth of the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) has had a confirmative impact on womens empowerment. A level-headed number of NGOs engaged women not just in implementing development projects but also in the intend and introductioning stages. Women were actively pertain in all stakeholder consultations. As a esult, womens role and participation in health and community development activities has been steady increasing at the local level. At the like time, active part icipation in development projects has brocaded womens awareness on their legal rights and benefits, which is also contributing towards their empowerment. In 2009, womens labour heretoforet participation rate stood at 31. 5%, an increase of around 2% since 2005. During this period, although the participation of women in the labour force has change magnitude by roughly 1 million as compared to 3 million of men, there is definitely a progressive change taking place.The changing role and status of women in Bangladesh at once is characterized by increased opportunities. A research study conducted by the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry reveals that women entrepreneurs are more likely to hire other women. In addition to creating jobs opportunities for women, such a trend entrust result in an overall increase in the progress of women in the country. Greater participation of women in remunerative work give not only im stand up their living conditions but also im depict their bargaining positions.Employed women provide have break off access to mainstream depository financial institutioning services which go away help them to save and point their income in tangible assets. Furthermore, formal sector employment opportunities for young women could reduce early marriages. Roughly 33% of women aged 15-49 in Bangladesh larn married before the age of 15. Participation of young women in formal employment will not only preserve early marriages but also reduce grandness rates and health- colligate problems ca utilisationd by early marriage.Looking ahead, while access to labour markets is rising for women, dexterity building services for women workers such as comprehensive instruct programs adopt to be developed alongside in the country. maven of the banging challenges spunkd by most women entrepreneurs is pretermit of access to market information. Therefore, supportive infrastructure such as information centres must be complete to dissemina te information on potential buyers, d unsanded a bead onable technology and finance, which will make their business sustainable and profi remit. covering such key challenges presents a strong view for womens employment in the long run, which will in turn result in enceinte empowerment of women and gradually eliminate social barriers in the country. C. Main scope Scope of women enterprise covers a wide range of activities. The activities which are effectuate specially amenable to and can be successfully. The scope of women enterprise are represented blueprint Scope of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh D. Capital Structure Capital is most valuable part to start up business.Women take world-class to start their business if she is financially strong or if she get financial support. We can define the bang-up structure of women in two way- 1. Long destination Sources 2. Short enclosure Sources 1. Long Term Sources These are the bestows taken for a fairly long period of time ranging from 5 to 10 years or more. Long term bringwords are raised to abide the financial requirement of enterprise for acquiring the bushel asset including land,building, intendt and machinery etc. Figure Sources of Long Term Capital 2. Short Term SourcesShort term crown is obtained for aperiod upto 1 year. These are required to welcome the day to day business requirement. In other words,short term seat of governance is obtained to meet the working heavy(p) requirement of the enterprise- Figure Sources of Short term capital E. visibility OF SOME SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR The grant also includes conducting of 30 case studies of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The entrepreneurs were selected for the social occasion at random. However, the accessibility of the entrepreneurs in toll of their time and convenience was also a factor in the selection.The studies are presented in the pursuit pages. The case studies reflect some important aspects of women entrepreneurshi p in Bangladesh. PROFILE 01 adoption WEAR AND FASHION DESIGN DALSANEA Dalsanea, an unshared hammer planetary house is a popular brand set up to Bangladeshi form loving enceinte ingest. The enterprise represents the beauty, women power and sprit of our time. invigorate by the theme, the enterprise was kick ined in 1989 in Chittagong by Afsana Ahmed Shoma, the Chief Executive. Shoma is a in truth self motivated business fair sex. Although she is an M.Com (Finance), had a great interest in women fashion from her teenage support with a dream to be a fashion designer which inspired her for establishing the enterprise. She learns from new fashions that came to her notice. Today, she is specialized in wedding outfit design. Now Shoma is exploitation a rented house in Dhaka as her work place and residence. She employs over 60 men and women to design and manufacturing wedding and party collection and soft eventide dresses. She also uses contract workers for nonaged initial works. She is expression forward to establishing a go heavy(a) workshop for her business, if financial support from imprecates is operable.The demand for her products is quite high and she has no merchandising problem. Her products go mostly in big cities such as Dhaka and Chittagong. Most of the time, she receives modern orders from the showroom owners of the big cities. She has move intod in a number of national and international cunning fairs and received recognition for her customized fashion brand. enthronisation Originally, she invested roughly Tk. 1. 5 hundred thousand in her business mostly from her own savings and borrowings from the close family particles and around Tk. hundred thousand from a reclusive Bank and repaid. Recently, she apply for a loan of Tk. 10 hundred thousand to MIDAS funding limited and the application is under make for. Today the total enthronization in her business piths to close Tk. 40 lakh. Income /Expenditure Her average overtur n per month is over Tk. 60 lakh with an direct cost of Tk 35 lakh. Social and environmental factors The social factors that generally hinders Bangladeshi women in taking up business as a profession does not affect her much although her family members could not take her decision exactingly.However, she has overcome these problems with perseverance and determination. Environmental problems dont affect her much since the by products from her operation are mainly dry and degradable materials that are disposed by the Municipal waste collector. She is a member of some(prenominal) master bodies and a familiar person in business and social life.. Future Prospects The Dalsanea has replete(p) prospect for further development. At present, it is exploitation at the rate of about 25% per year. It has a syllabus to export mainly in the South Asian region. PROFILE 02 LEATHER AND JUTE GOODS KARIGARKARIGAR, a lather and jute fulls producing enterprise is a pride and inspiration of young ent repreneurs in Bangladesh. The enterprise was established in 2005 by a young graduate in Leather Product Technology, Tania Wahab and her friend. Tania is a self motivated business woman at a time when a large number of young professionals look for job by and by commencement exercise instead of becoming entrepreneur. Bangladesh is an exporting country of lathe products and jute goods. living organism skin and hide are obtainable in Bangladesh and the climate made the country as the manufacturing business of best quality jute in the World.After graduation, Tania spends no time to take the advantage of painful materials availability in the country and the skill she acquired from the Bangladesh College of Leather Technology to discharge her dream to be a business women. She is a self motivated, energetic and heard working woman with keen interest to learn. Although Tania is specialized on leather products but she is learning business care by doing. KARIGAR has two factories and a showroom in Dhaka- the second showroom is on the way. It has over 50 products such as Leather goods (jacket, wallet, belt jewellery box, skidder etc. , Jute goods (bags, cushion cover, table matt, table set-back etc. ) and promotional items. The ships go with employs 35 people of whom 95% are women to run the grinder and the showroom. The enterprise also uses contract workers during the peak season. Tania is looking forward to establish an international cadence factory in course of time. She markets her products by selling from her showroom and preparation to different clients office on order. She has participated in national and international barter fairs with her products and gain respects. Investment Initially, she and her friend have invested about Tk. 0. lakh in the business mostly borrowing from the close family members. Today they have accumulated about Tk. 15 lakh as in operation(p) capital. This year they borrowed Tk. 5 lakh from a private Bank. Social and environme ntal factors The social factor affected her very much, initially. fellow traveler business men at the hub of Leather business in Dhaka could not believe that she will survive with the business because she is a woman. Gradually she has overcome these problems with enthusiasm and determination and become a member of their association, which makes her presence acceptable to the member of the association.Environmental problems, especially judicature of waste materials affect her and she is trying to dispose the waste, scientifically. She is a member of several professional bodies. She is a resource person in different prepare programs. In 2006, Tania received National Best WomenEntrepreneur Award from SME Foundation, Bangladesh and listed as a raising business woman of Bangladesh by the International Trade centre, Geneva. Income /Expenditure Her average derangement per month is over Tk. 10. 0 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 8. 0 lakh. At present the enterprise is growing at a rate of about 60% per yearFuture Prospects KARIGARs products have good prospect for selling both at home and abroad. The enterprise exported about Tk. 18. 5 lakh worth of leather, jute and leather-jute cock products to UK and Australia in 2007-8 through a buying house. To increase the export, the enterprise must have international standard environmental friendly workshop for which Tania has a plan to setup. However, she needs promotional support from SME Foundation and long term loan from banks. PROFILE 03 HEALTH nutrition EYA DON ENTERPRISE EYA DON, an exclusive health diet supplier is a popular fast solid viands in Dhaka.The enterprise represents the quality test and nutrient aliment for all. Khalida Ahmed, the director, is a children story writer, wanted to do something for the children. She is a very good cook of specialized Indian nourishment from her family life and develops her brand with special popsicle content food which is good for children test and growth. Khalida ra ised her three children and learned the requirement Of nutritious and rose-cheeked food for children. She is now an expert of testy food especially for children. With the help of husband and other family members, she established the enterprise in 2000 at Mohammedpur, Dhaka.Khalida is a sincerely yours motivated social worker and business woman. She makes earn polau in 10 minutes, prepares Makhna, a special nutritious food for children, mixed acher (pickles), frozen kabob and many other food items. Eya Dons food items received Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) panegyric for merchandising by fulfilling quality, nutrition and hygienic requirements. Khalida is using a rented house in Dhaka as her work place and residence. She employs seven men and women to prepare and market food items. She also uses contract workers for minor initial works.She is looking forward to establishing a fork kitchen for her business, if financial support is available. She supplies foods to schools, Government and non- governing offices on a contract basis. She also markets her products through super stores such as Agora, Nandan, Destiny, Prince Bazar etc. in Dhaka. She also made push sell, participated food fairs in Bangladesh. In 2004 she has exported a ton of frozen food to UK but could not continue due(p) to neglect of fitted fund to build a bigger factory. Investment Originally, she invested about Tk. 1. lakh in her business mostly from her and husbands saving. She has now accumulated about Tk. 20. 0 lakh as operating capital. Recently, she applied for a loan of Tk. 8. 0 lakh to MIDAS financing limited and the application is under plow. Income /Expenditure Her average turnover per month is over Tk. 1. 5 lakh with an operating cost of Tk 1. 2 lakh. Social and environmental factors The social factors do not affect her much rather her husband and family members helped to establish the enterprise to keep her busy when children grown up. Environmental problems don t affect her.She is a member of several professional bodies and a familiar person in business and social life. Future Prospects The EYA DON Enterprise is growing at the rate of about 16% per year with good prospect for further growth. It has a plan to establish a frozen food factory with international standards for which the staff needs HACCP knowledge technical know-how and the follow need financial support. F. Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh Our study paid a lot of attention to look into the challenges and problems betd by women entrepreneur. According to the study 94. % entrepreneur face different types of challenges and 5. 95% does not face any challenges or problems to start their enterprise. The challenges or problems are categorized in interest ways Figure Problems of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh 1. Financial Problem Inadequacy of capital is the main problem of women entrepreneureneurs. Women have limited capital mainly from family savings and for ini tial capital they have to resort to the relative and other sources. For bank loan women need to give the confirming. Most women cannot offer their business due to financial problem.Marketing Absence of marketing facilities for women or easy access and the absence of proper gross sales centre are some of the major obstacles to do business. Women supply their products in markets through middleman. due to deficit of capital women cannot afford to establish sale centers and they cannot expand their market for this. Raw Material Women a good deal face problem of p sift increase of the raw materials they use and have to assume high rate for retail purchase. collectible to lose of capital they cannot purchase bug out quality of raw material and have to pay a high rate for retail purchase.Price Due to escape of market facilities women do not get the proper prices for their products,which are under priced by the customers or full-pagesalers who order their products. Other problem s arise when the buyer does not provide the actual price or the wholesalers takes goods on credit. Labor Moreover, on-availability of efficient or masterly labor is another problem. Equipment overleap of improved equipment and machinery,existing competition face up due to expansion of production. 2. governmental Problem Political unrest like hartal /strike hindrance brings trauma to their business .In that time the entrepreneurs face a problem to produce and sale their goods . 3. Family problem Some entrepreneurs mention that they also face family problem, they cannot spend. frequently time for their business because they are engaged with their house hold work and take care their children . Women are in conventional and skill based business because the household members want that women should be involved in home based business which require less mobility or interaction mainly women customers . 3. Social problem Women are handicapped in the current centralized wholesale marke t set up controlled by men.The men in business do not welcome womens entrance in the market and they often discourage women. Women entrepreneurs are often cheated by their male partners. 4. Transportation Problem Linkages with the markets and flow of continuous supply of product are hampered by the lack of quality transportation problem. 5. Lack of technical problem Technology is changing and women have very flyspeck access to new technology and market information. Women commonly work within a small geographical area with limited mobility. 6. Stiff CompetitionWomen entrepreneurs do not have organizational set up to pump in a lot of funds for canvassing and advertisement. Thus,they have to face a askew competition for marketing their products. 7. Limited Mobility Unlike men, women mobility in Bangladesh is highly limited due to various reasons. A wholeness women asking for room is still looked upon suspicion. 8. Lack of Education In Bangladesh, around 60% of women are still il literate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socio-economic problems. Due to the lack of education and that too qualitative education, women are not aware of business, technology and market knowledge.Thus, lack of education wee-wees problems for women in the setting up and trial of business enterprises. 9. manful-Dominated Society Women suffer from male reservations about a womens role, ability and capacity are treated accordingly. Thus in turn, serves as a barrier to women entry into business. 10. minor Risk tutelage Ability Women in Bangladesh lead a defend life. They are less improve and economically not self-dependent. Risk bearing is an essential requisite of a successful entrepreneur. 11. Other Problems Law and other situation poses problems for womens mobility. other problem is insecure feelings.Sometimes police, admen constrain problem to carry their goods. Women have no legal knowledge or help in defend their industries and often fall victims to illegal threats or c rook offenses. Frequent power failures are another important factor which hampers their production in time which effect on their business market. Women suffer from information crisis. In addition to above problem, inadequate infrastructural facilities, shortage of power, high cost production, social attitude, low need for attainment and socuio-economic constraint also hold the women back from move into into business.G. Prospects of Women Entreprenuer Though women entreprenuer have a lotos of problems,still there are lots of opportunities also for them to continue. Women get preferential interference in different official matter, handle with considerations, to intermit quality controlling and can keep abreast good customer relation. Now days educated women are coming forward to entreprenuership just by and bywards comleting their education. This is a very good sign for women empowerment and as well as material development There are several areas where the women entreprenuers h ave good prospect.The areas where the women entreprenuers can get an easy access are discussed Figure Prospects of Women Entrepreneur 1. Self Employed These women have acquired on own, especially from parents, relatives or friends, the skills and capacities to operate enterprises. Some have undergone training and apprenticeship or worked as skilled labourers and obtained enough knowledge to start their own business. So women can move toward self employment. 2. Enterprise monomania Women can be the owner/operators of existing micro-enterprises, prove management and technical skill in self-employment. They often wish to xpand, march on or diversify their business through employment of family members as apprtenticeship especially in the rural areas or engage and hire workers for the production when the business progresses in the urban areas. 3. Manufacturing Womens traditional skills enable them to take up manufacturing in areas where raw materials for the products is available. Wome n in these activities employee workers skilled, non-skilled, permanent or as seasonal worker workers. With the expansion of business and the development of quality products, training in skill, technology, management and marketing becomes essential. . Family Trade legion(predicate) women can involved in the family changes, hereditarily performed through generations and the skill is traditionally kept within the family. Manufacturing handicrafts pottery, involved in food preparation operating individual units of embroidery, accommodate printing, dyeing, weaving, spinning, net marketing, etc. 5. Agricultural Activities The rural women participate more in the agricultural sector, especially in operating vegetable gardens, horticulture production, nursery or even rice husking and preparation of varied rice products. 6. Sub-contractingThis new system of generating income in the non formal sector is providing opportunities for women through negotiable procedure obtaining orders for prod uct from either, exporters, procedures, whole sellers or middlemen. 7. Women as exporters Women can venture into exports directly by themselves or through other exporters. Export fairs, international barter fairs, single country fairs and initiative by importers have helped the women to produce quality products for exports. FINDINGS 1. the contrinution % of the women entrepreneurs in different districtsA questionnaire lot conducted among 130 women entrepreneur and based on this stick to and statistical data the approximate result of women entrepreneur in Bangladesh are come out. The number of women entrepreneur in different district can be mentioned as follows__ 2. Motivating factors to enter into business The respondents were asked to describe factors that countenance them to enter into business and entrepreneurial activities. The opinions they expressed in response to this questions are compiled and apt(p) in the avocation table with relative frequency and ranking.Factors t hat encourage women to enter into business % Ranking Inspiration from family and family had business 29 1 To create self-dependency 24 2 Self inspiration 22 3 pleonastic income for the family 22 3 For economic remedydom 14 4 Self employment 12 5 Inspiration by friends 9 5 To upgrade social status 6 6 prolong leisure time 5 7 scotch development 4 8 Inspiration from some organizations 3 9 No alternative to have a job 1 10 Inspired by training 1 10 To establish womens rights 1 10 Eradicate gender discrimination 1 10 Creating opportunity for others 1 10 . previous occupations Previous occupation of women entrepreneur are describe by the spare-time activity pie graph _ 4. Nature Of Ownership individual ownership is ascendant type Among 130 enterprises established by women entrepreneurs. Their nature of owner ship are shown by following figure_ individual ownership is dominant type Among 60 women entrepreneurs, 73. 2% is owned by individual, 15. 9% is together with owned by family members and only 7. 3% business is run in league with other members. alliance is also dominated by the traditional phylogenetic relation relationships as 38. % of women entrepreneurs have partnership with mother, 26. 9% with sisters, and 3. 8% with brother. whole 3. 8% of women entrepreneurs interviewed have partnership with husband. In 15. 4% cases, partnership is strand with friends. Domination of partnership by the family relationship relationship can be explained by traditional patriarchal social value and social system, under which, womens social relations with the people, particularly men, outside of the family is highly restricted. This is also associated with the venerate of social insecurity and social stigma. 5. Types of furrow Where Women entered dowry statistical scattering of women entrepreneurs by the types of business are shown in following. Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Description % Description % Description % Manufacturing 61. 6% provided Export 15. 6% Whole sel l 16. 2% Service 12. 8% Only significance 0% Retail 43. 0% Trading 12. 8% incomplete Export Nor Import 82. 8% Both 40. 8% Other 12. 8% Both Export & Import 1. 6% light speed% 100% 00% Table Types of contrast Where Women Are Entered . Among 130 women entrepreneurs interviewed, about two third of them (62%) were found to be involved in manufacturing sector followed by service (12. %) and trading sector (12. 8%). Among them, 82. 8% has no relation with export-import business as only 15. 6% were found to be involved in export-oriented business. Retail is the dominant trend among women entrepreneurs in the sample. More than one third of them (43%) were found to be involved in retail business. Only 16. 2% enterprises were found to be wholesellers and 40. 8% were involved in both retail and wholesell business. 6. Experiences in Trade Licensing and association Registration Women Face various types of Problme to Register their enterprise.It Causes various harassment for women. Th ats why they are not interested for register their business. Their adjustment status are shown in following figure-eight Figure Status of enterprises in term of having company Registration The figure shows that just about half of the women entrepreneurs (49. 7%) interviewed did not get their enterprises registered with any legal authorities. Among women entrepreneurs, who have trading independence, most of them run their business in the city corporation like Dhaka, Rajshahi and Sylhet. About 90% of the women entrepreneurs from Dhaka have great deal endorse.Most of the women entrepreneurs, who do not have workmanship license, are from the district town or local area like Jessore (85. 7% have no heap license), Comilla (57% have no flock license). It could be assume that having trade license is associated with the access to information. Since the women living in the city corporation areas have greater access to information and general institutions, most of them were able to get their company registered. It is also evident from the result of cross tabulation that education and training has a great influence to inspire women to get their company registered.About 70% of women entrepreneurs having trade license completed at least secondary level of education and have some training amazes on various issues. Year of company registration Although 50% of women entrepreneurs did not get their company registered from any legal authority, the tendency to have trade license is gradually increasing, as it is evident from figure 8. that 59% of enterprises become registered during 2001-2007. It can be mistaken that educated women are entering into business and they have better knowledge of regulatory Trade license-providing agenciesIn Bangladesh there are some agencies that provide trade license who are authorized by Govt. the license providing agencies are shown in following figure. Figure-9 Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the trade-licensing au thorit Among 50% of the respondents having trade license, majority of them (67. 9%) got trade license from the City Corporation, 17. 9% from Municipality, 3. 6% from Union Parishad. It is also evident from the findings that 40% were ineffectual to complete trade licensing procedures on their own resulting in increased expenditures for company registration.About 45% of them had to expend, on average, extra 2000 taka only to get help in trade license processing. The median value for this purpose was found to be 5000 taka, which compresseds about 50% of the women entrepreneurs, who were uneffective to accomplish trade licensing process on their own, had to expense, on average, 5000 taka or more than 5000 taka. Expenditure for get trade license It is evident from the findings that most of the women entrepreneurs have experiences of informal source of expenditures like bribery in the process of get trade license. Expenditure Name of the trade licensing authority City corporation Mun icipality Union parishad mean(a) 2400 1200 Not available Median 2250 1200 Not available expenditures like bribery in the process of getting trade license. The women entrepreneurs interviewed mentioned that they had to informally pay from 50 to 1200 taka to get trade license from the city corporation. Regarding informal expenditure, they had better experiences with municipalities. Average expenditure including formal and informal for getting trade license from the City Corporation was found to be BDT 2400 and median was calculated for this category as BDT 2250.In case of Municipality, both mean and median were found to be 1200. It means getting trade license from municipalities is less expensive. It is also mentioned by the respondents that getting trade license from Municipality was less bureaucratic and complication free compare to the services from the city . corporation. Reasons behind not having trade license The women entrepreneurs, who did not have trade license, were asked t o describe the reasons. The opinions they expressed as reasons for not having trade license were as follows thought process % Unaware of the urgency of having trade license 37%Aware but not familiar with the process 41% utilise for trade license and the process is going on 3. 7% Others 18. 3% Total 100% Problems approach by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities The following table Show the Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities Types of Problemsmentioned by thewomen entrepreneurs CityCorporation Municipalities UnionParishad Taxdepartment Complex process X X X Time consuming X X X X bureaucratic process X X X graft X X X Indecent behavior X X X Sexual harassment,teasing X X X XLack of cooperation X X X Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs due to not having trade license Due to not having trade license women faced different types of problems and harassments. The problem that they face are repres ented in following tables Major Problems % Could not get access to bank loan and financial institutions 80 Could not participate in trade fair 60 Could not get membership with the chamber of commerce 45 Could not enter into export-import oriented sectors 35 It is find from the table-13 that women entrepreneurs faced various problems due to not having trade license.As per responses by women entrepreneurs, for the lack of trade license, 80% of them were refused by banks or financial institutions to give a loan to them, 75% of them could not participate in trade fair. Since, it is mandatory to have trade license for getting membership with the chamber of commerce, 60% of them failed to apply for membership. Another 35% told that they could not enter into export-import business Opinion of the women regarding company registration The women entrepreneurs in the sample were asked to express their recommendations about existing company registration process.The major issues they raised wer e as follows. Opinion % give rise registration process easier 75 Make information available towomen entrepreneurs 70 Create awareness regardingregistration process 60 Create awareness regardingregistration process 85 Make the people gender sensitive 66 fig up training on regulatory process 58 Reduce company registration fee 70 Reduce complexity 55 Fasten registration process 45 7. Main sectors Sector-wise percentage distribution of the respondents. Name of the sectors % enterprises Garments/Home textile 16. 1 create 1. 6 concern 69. 4 Agro based 3. 2 Parlor 4. 8 Food 3. 2 Others 1. 6 Total 100 Among the respondents, majority of women entrepreneurs (69. 4%) were found to be involved in handicraft sector followed by garments/ home-textile (16%). The table-8 also shows that women are becoming in non-traditional sectors like printing and media, food business, etc. It is observed that 60% of women entrepreneurs did not know how to conduct feasibleness study before selecting a specific product, 26. 7% of them were completely found unaware of feasibility study and 6. % of them did not feel necesity to conduct a feasibility study. Only few women entrepreneurs told that they conducted feasibility through market observation and participation in trade fair. 8. cultivation and Human Resources tuition Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the status of training Whether received training % of therespondents original before starting business 35. 5 authoritative after starting business 42. 1 accredited before and after starting business 13. 2 Did not receive any training 9. 2 Total 100 n=60 prep is a vital issue for women entrepreneurship development.It can facilitate women to innerize required business skills and attributes. The table-15 shows that among the women entrepreneurs interviewed, almost half of them(48. 7%) had received training on various issues before they entered into business. Different NGOs, public institutions like women and children a ffairs department, youth development department, chamber of commerce, trade bodies provided these training. 42. 1% of them started their business without having any training on business development although they received training after they had entered into business. In 9. % cases, there was no opportunity to receive training and they did not receive any training on business. This group is from the remotest area that means women entrepreneurs live in the rural areas or local areas are more vulnerable than their urban counterpart is. Percentage distribution of the respondents by the name of courses that they received before and after their business initiatives Name of the trainingcourses % of the respondents Before starting12business After starting13business sales and marketing 44 69 reading on sewing 44 6 learn on block and boutique 40 28 instruct on embroidery 19 0Training on cutting 11 0 Training on Tailoring 26 9 Handicraft 41 19 Computer 4 22 Financial Management 11 9 Busin ess Management 7 16 Leadership of women 4 0 Poltry 15 3 Mini garments 4 0 Screen print 4 3 Cooking 4 3 Beauty & herb tea care 4 0 The above table shows training courses which were organized for women entrepreneurs before or after their entry into business. It is expected that those training courses were helpful to buildcapacity of women entrepreneurs at entry level but in terms of the degree of effectiveness, there is a scope to raise questions.The women entrepreneurs who did not receive any training mentioned that they did not know where to go to receive training. They do not have proper idea about training providing agencies. It is also observed that public training providing agencies do not have proper mechanism to go to women entrepreneurs, particularly to rural women with their services, as said by the respondents. 9. Sources of capital Starter Capital and Trend in Investment The picture of starter capital are representing by following table- Starter Capital (BDT) accepted number of capital (BDT) Mean 207265 290884 Median 20000 600000 fashion 100000 300000 Minimum 500 10000 maximal 4000000 5000000 Out of 130 women entrepreneurs interviewed, 77 women entrepreneurs were able to provide information about the amount of their starter capital. ground on available informationprovided by them, mean value of starter capital for 77 women entrepreneurs were found to be BDT 207265 but the median value was found to be BDT 20,000, which means 50% of 77 women entrepreneurs starter capita was equal to or less than BDT 20,000. The minimum starter capital was found to be only BDT 500. The maximum amount of starter capital was BDT 4000000.This extreme case has positive influence on the value of mean. Compare to the current amount of capital, it is evident that average capital has been increased from the amount of the starting point of business. For 69 women entrepreneurs, mean and median for existing capital were calculated as BDT 290884 and BDT 600000. In case of sta rter capital, 50% of women entrepreneurs investment was from BDT 500 to 20000 while 50% of women entrepreneurs current investments were found between BDT 10000 to 600000. It can be considered as significant growth in investment for micro women entrepreneurs.Sources of Starter capital Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by the sources of starter capital are presented by following table- Opinion %Of Respondents Own savings 61 Parents 39 Husband 18 n-laws 6 Relatives belong to kinship group 2 Friends 3 Public mercantile bank 1 Private commercial bank 1 NGO 5 Other government agencies 3 Cooperative society 0 Leasing company 0 Mahajan 0 Others 0 Credit Facilities For Women In our social world the women did not get enough set for the credit facility. The face various problem for collecting their capital.If an women goes for institutional facility then she does not get enough respons from them. Percentage distribution of women entrepreneurs by their first impression at bank a im Of Impression % Of women Entrepreneurs Very good 11 conquer 67 Bad 22 Total 100 Among the respondents, 98 women entrepreneurs out of 130 visited various banks and financial institutions for a loan but only 5 of them managed to get a loan from banks. 98 women entrepreneurs were also asked to express their first impression about bank. Only 11% mentioned that they have very good impression. 7% of them expressed their moderate impression and 22% told they had bad impression while they went for a loan to a bank. SOWT Analysis about women entrepreneur according to survey Here the SOWT analysis from the survey explain the internal capacity and external capacity analysis of an women to establish en enterprise. According to our survey the explanation of strength, opportunity, weakness and threats. A. Strengths of Women * Initiative * Self-inspiration * Efficiency at work * sureness * Growth oriented * Good organizer * overambitious * Imitation of innovations B. Weaknesses of Women Low risk-bearing ability * Low literacy rate * Low work participation rate * Low urban population share * Low employment capacity of resources * Low level of mobilitys * Inability to hardwork and tencious work * Confusion in decision making C. Opportunities of Women * Tchnological opportunity * Support from government * Professional consultancies * Micro-finance facilities * Availability of raw material * Tax facility * SME * Export facility D. Threats of Women * Unfavourable cultural practices * Social inhibitions * Unaware of government facilities * Huge competition * High cost against loan Lack of training facility * Inadequate infrastructural facility. * Family ties * Male dominating society. * poor linkages and networks * unfavorable constitution and regulatory environment RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION Recommendation establish on the present stydy the following recommendations are put forward for further improvement of the condition of women entrepreneur of Bangladesh. * Establis h a separate cell to deal with women entrepreneurs regarding trade license and company registration. * Create easy access for women entrepreneurs to the local administrative support public institution . The central bank should fix up a target for each bank to provide loan for women and from a superintending team to monitor the implementation of its circular. * A comprehensive credit policy should be initiated under the supervision of the central bank in order to create access of women entrepreneurs to finance. this policy must keep a provision of collateral free loan, credit without interest or low rate of interest (maximum 8% interest),loan for long time duration etc. for women entrepreneurs. * Establish a separate bank for the development of women entrepreneurs.Impose an obligation for other banks to maintain a minimum quota for women entrepreneurs in loan expense and ensure the implementation of this quota. * All types of new women entrepreneurs should given a provision of valu ate-exemption for at last cinque years. * Include a special provision for women entrepreneurs in the policy and procedures of value added tax (VAT) and keep a provision of VAT exemption for new women entrepreneurs for at least first five years. * Increase budgetary allocation to facilitate women entrepreneurs, particularly women entrepreneurs to participate in the national and international trade fair. Provide special support to women entrepreneurs who are involved in export-oriented activities for promoting marketing of their products. * The required amount of credit and its timely disbursement have an important role to continue and expand the enterprise. * Timely support of credit facility has to be ensured. * Collateral requirement of bank should be revisited and procedures should be made elementary. * All banks should allocate a fraction of their loan for women entrepreneurs and should open a separate windowpane for them. Lack of management experience of entrepreneur they sh ould be trained on Entrepreneur Development Training. Proper step should be taken for this purpose. * Women entrepreneur needs management assistance to improve the administrative capacity and increase productive activity and capacity in quality as well as in volume. Conclusion Entrepreneurship to women in Bangladesh is more than just income generation. It is about working to build a more prosperous country, to lift the many millions of Bangladesh people out of poverty. It is about achieving economic independence and womens empowerment.And it is about striving for emancipation of womens gender roles, to create a better future for generations of women to come. So,all of us who have a role to play must come forward in this extremely important development and growth process to build the nation that Bangladesh should be. The present study show that most of the entrepreneurs were from young and less educated. They were migrating from different areas. According to the survey results women are found to have engaged themselves in different type of enterprises. Women entrepreneurs selected their enterprises with what they were familiar.Most of the cases show that they were previously worked on others as worker from which they earned their working skill and later on they started their enterprises in those Ares only. The study clearly indicate that lack of capital is still the remain problem, absence of marketing facilities, absence of proper sales center are some of the major problem. Another common barrier faced by the women entrepreneurs was balancing time between the enterprise and the family. If the major barrier in marketing for women entrepreneurs can be removed then the women lead sector can surely add income for the economy.This study focuses that if the women are provided with appropriate training and need based assistance and make an easy environment they will incrementally enter into the entrepreneurial occupation and will prove their worth through efficiency in operation to contribute to the economy of Bangladesh. Reference 1. Multiple responses were allowed and responses were not mutually exclusive 2. N=36, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 3. N=32, for both cases, multiple responses were allowed and data were not mutually exclusive 4.Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, March 206-February 2007, BWCCI, July 2007, pg. 24. 5. Afsar, Dr. Rita, convey Women Entrepreneurs in Policy Focus for SME Development in Bangladesh, A keynote paper presented at the Seminar on Strengthening Capacity of Women organized by BWCCI, February 26, 2008 6. 4. BBS, The statistical Pocket of Book of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2006 7. Shamim, Munir Uddin, Report on Promoting Women Entrepreneurship through Advocacy, BWCCI, Dhaka, July 2007 APPENDIX Questionnaire Survey on Women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh 1.Personal schooling I. Name________________________________________________________ _________________ II. Company name_________________________________________________________________ III. phone_______________________________________________________________________ IV. Address 2_____________________________________________________________________ V. City/Town_____________________________________________________________________ VI. State________________________________________________________________________ VII. race/Postal Code_______________________________________________________________VIII. Country_____________________________________________________________________ IX. Email Address________________________________________________________________ X. Phone Number_______________________________________________________________ 2. Establishing this Business is very simple in our country by Women? Strongly pair hold up inert differ Strongly resist 3. The structure of Women Entrepreneur is appropriate for business world? Strongly tick off Agree torpid Dis agree StronglyDisagree fusion Corporation sole proprietorship 4.Is the Bank loanword is Difficult to get? StronglyAgree Agree soggy Disagree StronglyDisagree 5. have got Difficulties in obtaining Financial Capital? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 6 . Partners are good for women enterprise? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 7. repair Proprietors are Beneficial for women enterprise? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 8. Which types of Fund is Cost effective for women enterprise ? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree Personal Savings. afford from Family and Friends Loan from Family and Friends Loan from previous owner. Credit board/personal loan. Bank Loan Partners 9. What are the uncommon Problems you face in your business (from the list below)? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree toomuch competition St ate and national regulations Not enough business knowledge bills flow problems Rising costs of business Too much paperwork Too many factors out of my control 10.Reasons for becoming a business owner? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral StronglyDisagree Disagree To be my own oldtimer Always wanted to start my own business Family responsibilities Good way to find employment To make more money Dissatisfied with my work imagination I could do better job than others * * * * * 11. How much of each of the following kinds of experiences did you have before you became a business owner? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral StronglyDisagree Disagree Job in the same field as the business School education directly related to business Seminars, programs relevant to business Hobby, personal experience in same field Supervisory/management experience Accounting experience 12. What is the type of your current busin ess? ____________________ 13. Is it your first business? * Yes * No 14. wherefore you come tobusiness? _________________________________ 15. What is the reason behind the business? ______________________ 16. squander you get any help from other in this start up your business? * Yes * No 17. Do you have trade license? Yes * No 18. kick in you get support from your family? * Yes * No 19. What is the current amount of your investment? _________________ 20. How to invest it? ____________________________________________ 21. What is your occupational background? ________________________ 22. What is your spawn/husbands occupational background? _________ 23. Have you face any problem? StronglyAgree Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyDisagree 24. Have you ever taken loan? * Yes * No 25. If yes then from whom? _____________________________________ 26. do you maintain accounts and book keeping? Yes * No 27. Do you have tail end? * Yes * No 28. Are you informed about tax and VAT? * Yes * No 29. Are you informed about tax facility? * Yes * No 30. Did you get any training facility? * Yes * No 31. Do you have any future plane? * Yes * No 32. What is your future plane? __________________________________ 33. What types of help is required to expand your business.? 34. What step should be taken to improve situation of the women entrepreneur in Bangladesh? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________