Andrew Cunningham - Admiral Andrew Cunningham - World War II - Royal Navy

Andrew Browne Cunningham was born January 7, 1883, outside Dublin, Ireland. The son of anatomy professor Daniel Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth, the Cunninghams family was of Scottish extraction. Largely raised by his mother, he began schooling in Ireland before being sent to Scotland to attend the Edinburgh Academy. At the age of ten, he accepted his fathers offer of pursuing a naval career and left Edinburgh to enter the Naval Preparatory School at Stubbington House. In 1897, Cunningham was accepted as a cadet in the Royal Navy and assigned to the training school aboard HMS Britannia at Dartmouth. Highly interested in seamanship, he proved a strong student and graduated 10th in a class of 68 the following April. Ordered to HMS Doris as a midshipman, Cunningham traveled to the Cape of Good Hope. While there, the Second Boer War began ashore. Believing there to be an opportunity for advancement on land, he transferred to the Naval Brigade and saw action in Pretoria and Diamond Hill. Returning to sea, Cunningham moved through several ships before commencing sub-lieutenants courses at Portsmouth and Greenwich. Passing, he was promoted and assigned to HMS Implacable. World War I Contributions Promoted to lieutenant in 1904, Cunningham passed through several peacetime postings before receiving his first command, HM Torpedo Boat #14 four years later. In 1911, Cunningham was placed in command of the destroyer HMS Scorpion. Aboard at the outbreak of World War I, he took part in the failed pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and cruiser SMS Breslau. Remaining in the Mediterranean, Scorpion participated in the early 1915 attack on the Dardanelles at the beginning of the Gallipoli Campaign. For his performance, Cunningham was promoted to commander and received the Distinguished Service Order. Over the next two years, Cunningham took part in routine patrol and convoy duty in the Mediterranean. Seeking action, he requested a transfer and returned to Britain in January 1918. Given command of HMS Termagent in Vice-Admiral Roger Keyes Dover Patrol, he performed well and earned a bar for his DSO. With the end of the war, Cunningham moved to HMS Seafire and in 1919 received orders to sail for the Baltic. Serving under Rear Admiral Walter Cowan, he worked to keep the sea lanes open to newly independent Estonia and Latvia. For this service, he was awarded a second bar for his DSO. Interwar Years Promoted to captain in 1920, Cunningham moved through a number of senior destroyer commands and later served as Fleet Captain and Chief of Staff to Cowan in North America and West Indies Squadron. He also attended the Army Senior Officers School and the Imperial Defense College. Upon completing the latter, he received his first major command, the battleship HMS Rodney. In September 1932, Cunningham was elevated to rear admiral and made Aide-de-Camp to King George V. Returning to the Mediterranean Fleet the following year, he oversaw its destroyers which relentlessly trained in ship handling. Raised to vice admiral in 1936, he was made second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet and placed in charge of its battlecruisers. Highly regarded by the Admiralty, Cunningham received orders to return to Britain in 1938 to assume the post of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Taking this position in December, he was knighted the following month. Performing well in London, Cunningham received his dream posting on June 6, 1939, when he was made commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Hoisting his flag aboard HMS Warspite, he began planning for operations against the Italian Navy in case of war. World War II Contributions With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Cunninghams primary focus became protecting the convoys that supplied British forces in Malta and Egypt. With the defeat of France in June 1940, Cunningham was forced to enter into tense negotiations with Admiral Rene-Emile Godfroy regarding the status of the French squadron at Alexandria. These talks were complicated when the French admiral learned of the British attack on Mers-el-Kebir. Through skillful diplomacy, Cunningham succeeded in convincing the French to allow their ships to be interned and their men repatriated. Though his fleet had won several engagements against the Italians, Cunningham sought to dramatically alter the strategic situation and reduce the threat to Allied convoys. Working with the Admiralty, a daring plan was conceived which called for a nighttime airstrike against the Italian fleets anchorage at Taranto. Moving forward on November 11-12, 1940, Cunninghams fleet approached the Italian base and launched torpedo planes from HMS Illustrious. A success, the Taranto Raid sank one battleship and badly damaged two more. The raid was extensively studied by the Japanese when planning their attack on Pearl Harbor. In late March 1941, under heavy pressure from Germany to halt the Allied convoys, the Italian fleet sortied under the command of Admiral Angelo Iachino. Informed of enemy movements by Ultra radio intercepts, Cunningham met the Italians and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Cape Matapan on March 27-29. In the battle, three Italian heavy cruisers were sunk and a battleship damaged in exchange for three British killed. That May, following the Allied defeat on Crete, Cunningham successfully rescued over 16,000 men from the island despite taking heavy losses from Axis aircraft. Later War In April 1942, with the United States now in the war, Cunningham was appointed to the naval staff mission to Washington, DC and built a strong relationship with the Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet, Admiral Ernest King. As a result of these meetings, he was given command of the Allied Expeditionary Force, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, for the Operation Torch landings in North Africa late that fall. Promoted to admiral of the fleet, he returned to the Mediterranean Fleet in February 1943 and worked tirelessly to ensure that no Axis forces would escape from North Africa. With the conclusion of the campaign, he again served under Eisenhower in commanding the naval elements of the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and the landings in Italy that September. With the collapse of Italy, he was present at Malta on September 10 to witness the formal surrender of the Italian fleet. Following the death of the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, Cunningham was appointed to the post on October 21. Returning to London, he served as a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee and provided overall strategic direction for the Royal Navy. In this role, Cunningham attended the major conferences at Cairo, Tehran, Quebec, Yalta, and Potsdam during which plans for the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Japan were formulated. Cunningham remained First Sea Lord through the end of the war until his retirement in May 1946. Later Life For his wartime service, Cunningham was created Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Retiring to Bishops Waltham in Hampshire, he lived in a house that he and his wife, Nona Byatt (m. 1929), had purchased before the war. During his retirement, he held several ceremonial titles including Lord High Steward at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Cunningham died in London on June 12, 1963, and was buried at sea off Portsmouth. A bust was unveiled in Trafalgar Square in London on April 2, 1967, by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in his honor. Sources Antill, Peter,  Admiral Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham, 1883 - 1963.â€Å"Biography of Andrew Cunningham.†Ã‚  Royal Naval Museum, Royal Naval Museum Library, 2004.

Writing Is An Important Aspect - 1124 Words

Essay Writing Essay writing is an important aspect, not just in the life of the average student, but also every other person in general. This is because they are not only used by to assess the performance of students, express ideas or develop creativity, but people regularly in their every day life also use them. For instance, when writing resumes, in publication agencies such as magazines and newspapers, writing contracts, journals, and for other reasons. There have been several improvements in my writing process as I have been able to practice and learn more concerning essay writing. This has helped to improve upon the basic knowledge I had about the subject, as I used to find it stressful when writing essays. Writing requires certain processes that enable one to create a good and concise essay, such as, pre-writing, organizing, drafting, revising, and editing (Sims, Chan, and Sethuram 374). These steps are necessary as they help one to generate ideas, plan the essay, make it easy to comprehend, and also use time wisely. When organizing the essay, it should have a topic sentence or thesis in the introduction, a body, and then the conclusion followed by salutations if required. With several improvements in these areas, I have also been able to work on the grammar aspect of the essay, including spelling, punctuations, and other areas. This helps make the audience or readers easily understand the essay. With the help of the Foundations ofShow MoreRelatedReading And Writing : An Important Aspect Of The Lives Of All Individuals Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesReading and writing is an important aspect in the lives of all individuals. With reading and writing, there are many levels of love and hate, and as much as I hate to say it, I was on the hate side for a very long time. Strangely enough, a teacher I had in high school, Mr. Shafer, change my whole outlook on writing. 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Insect Repellant Free Essays

Introduction A. Background of the Study For us, a house is a place of residence. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest, store personal property, and prepare food. We will write a custom essay sample on Insect Repellant or any similar topic only for you Order Now In able for the house to fulfill its function, we need to eliminate some factors that disturb us in doing these things. One example is the insect. One of the easiest ways to prevent insects is to use insect repellant. This is the reason why I decide to make a liquid insect repellant for my Science Investigatory Project. There are many commercially available liquid insect repellant in the market. The commonly used commercial liquid insect repellant in the Philippines is quite unaffordable and use chemical that may cause irritation. I plan to use natural ingredients in my Science Investigatory Project. Since the ingredient to be used is natural, the liquid insect repellant to be made is more affordable and environment friendly. B. Statement of the Problem Is it possible to make an effective liquid repellant out of cacao leaves, garlic, vegetable oil, and eucalyptus oil? If it is possible, how is the price and effectiveness of it comparing to the commercially available one? C. Significance of the Study The study is significant to the people who want to protect their house and their love ones against insects specially those who cannot afford the commercially available insect repellant which uses chemicals. Chapter II : Review of Related Literature Chemical Repellants It is no wonder that, considering all of the above mentioned diseases, humans have worked for decades searching for a way to repel these insects. In 1946, a chemical called DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) was developed by the US Army and released for civilian use in 1957. DEET confuses the receptors of most biting insects, rendering them virtually ‘blind’ and thus much†¦ How to cite Insect Repellant, Papers

Report on the UK Criminal Law

Question: Dicuss a reflective report on the UK Criminal Law in the year 2014 - 2015? Answer: As per the requirements of the assignment, a reflective has been drawn upon the criminal law from the year 2014 to 2015 in United Kingdom. Various changes has been adapted on criminal law in the United Kingdom. In the month of March 2015, a change has been regarding the criminal procedure rule. The Criminal Procedure Rule Committee is liable for the changes, which is referred as Amendment No 2. These changes bring to the criminal law a new and innovative procedure for conducting trials in magistrates courts. The new rule is termed as trial by a single justice on the papers. Sections 46 to 50 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 make changes to the Justices' Courts Act 1980, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and some different Acts. The new statutory provisions apply to offenses charged against a grown-up (not somebody under 18), if the charged offense must be attempted in a judges' court (thus is not one sufficiently genuine to be sent to the Crown Court for trial) and if, in the occasion of conviction, the sentence for the offense cannot be detainment. Where the new provisions apply, a solitary justice of the peace, on the premise of composed material, can attempt the litigant just, in the parties' unlucky deficiency furthermore, without a hearing. The new provisions require the Criminal Procedure Rules to recommend the archives that the prosecutor must send to the litigant, and to endorse the period inside which the litigant must react to those reports before a solitary justice trial can occur (Justice.gov, 2014). In the month of February, some of the changes, which are made regarding criminal procedure, came into force on 2nd February 2015. The parts, which are affected are as follows: 6, 17, 39, 52 and 76. New rules, which have been added up on the criminal proceedings, are stated below: New rule has been added which is known as ground rules hearing. This addition is made on part 3 of the criminal procedure rules. New rule is also added up on part 63 of the criminal proceeding. The new rule states that advance notice is compulsory if an evidence is going to presented in the court of law during the appeal. This rule is only applicable if the appeal is made to the Crown court against a conviction by a magistrates court (justice.gov, 2015). In the month of September 2014, Tessa Szagun who used to be member of the committee had retired. Thus, Lord Chancellor has appointed Sian Jones as the Justices clerk Committee member. A list of standard trial preparation time limits has been enlisted in the page 7 of the magistrates courts trial preparation form. Time limits are stated in order to clarify the particular obligation on the defendant during the time of preparing application for prosecution disclosure. In the month August 2014 the list of standard trial preparation limit of the time in the page 7 of the court of the magistrate trial preparation form has been authorized to make amendment by The Lord Chief Justice. The limit of time for the Application for disclosure has be written again in order to make the obligation of the defendant clear for the prosecution disclosure in order to make an application. This form comes in the Forms page under the heading Part-3-Case management. On the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website the amendments were published. The amendments have appeared on 6th October, 2014 after those come into force. There has been a replacement of the the Criminal Procedure Rules 2013, the Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013 and the Criminal Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2013.in the year 2014. The new rules come into force on Monday 6th October 2014. The new changes include the process of the trial and its preparation considering parts 3, 38 and 39 of the Criminal Procedure Rules. This is followed by the process of appeals to the high court considering the extradition cases in Part 17 of the Rules. It also includes the expert evidence of part 33 of the Rules. Lastly it also includes the procedures that need to be adhered to in case certain proceedings are considered to be void or when there are certain orders that are deemed to be set aside. This is also applicable in a magistrates court considering part 37 of the Rules (justice.gov, 2015). The second aspect of the amendment include the service of the documents pertaining to part 4 along with the applications for the access to certain materials that are used for the purpose of attaining search warrants as per part 5. The production of the indictments pertaining to the Crown courts were also amended for parts 12 and 14. If a defendant was charged for low value shop lifting, then they would from now on be sent to trial. Amendments were also brought about for the application for witnesses summons as per part 28, for endorsing driving records as per part 55 and for the behaviour orders as per part 50 (justice.gov, 2015). In the month of March 2014 for preparation of trial the Lord Chief Justice has authorized the use of the amendment form in magistrates courts so that the defendant pleads not guilty. The Rule Committees case management group that is inclusive of members of others practitioners and the committee devise them. In order to assist courts the modifications are planned in order to avoid hearings which are not required to ensure that the trial occurs effectively and on time. The notes and form are structured on the Forms page, which comes under the section Part-3- Case management. Reference: Justice.gov.uk (2015). A GUIDE TO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES 2014 (S.I. 2014/1610). Retrieved 1 April 2015, from https://www./courts/procedure-rules/criminal/docs/2014/criminal-procedure-rules-2014.pdf Justice.gov.uk, (2015). A GUIDE TO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (AMENDMENT) RULES 2015 (S.I. 2015/13). [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/docs/2015/guide-to-criminal-procedure-amendment-rules-2015.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2015]. Justice.gov.uk, (2014). Criminal Procedure Rules. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal [Accessed 1 Apr. 2015].